Обзор международного и национального опыта по разработке пассивных домов

Аннотация

Relevance: The study is driven by the need to reduce energy consumption in the housing sector, which is particularly critical given the increasing global demand for energy resources, the limited availability of fossil fuels, and environmental challenges associated with greenhouse gas emissions. The development and implementation of passive houses, characterized by minimal energy consumption and high environmental sustainability, represent a key direction for achieving sustainable development and energy efficiency. In the context of Uzbekistan’s sharply continental climate, the relevance of the study is amplified by the need to adapt international passive house standards to local climatic, technical, and regulatory conditions, as well as the necessity to scale pilot projects for widespread adoption of energy-efficient technologies in construction.

Aim: To generalize and analyze international and domestic experience in designing passive houses, identify key criteria and standards for passive house construction, and evaluate the ecological, technical, and regulatory aspects of adapting this concept to Uzbekistan’s climatic conditions to develop recommendations for its implementation in the republic’s construction sector.

Methods: The study employed methods of systemic and comparative analysis of international and national standards for passive house design (including PHI and PHIUS standards). A review of scientific literature, regulatory documents, and practical examples of passive house implementation was conducted. Methods for assessing building energy efficiency, including calculations of specific energy consumption, analysis of heat losses, and evaluation of engineering system efficiency, were utilized. Domestic experience was studied by analyzing data from pilot projects in Uzbekistan, including monitoring and experimental measurements of energy performance indicators.

Results: The high efficiency of the passive house concept in reducing energy consumption (up to 90% compared to traditional buildings) while ensuring a comfortable microclimate was confirmed. It was established that adapting international passive house standards to Uzbekistan’s conditions requires consideration of the sharply continental climate, achieved through optimized thermal insulation, solar protection, airtight building envelopes, and integration of renewable energy sources. Pilot projects in Uzbekistan (e.g., the house in Nurafshon) demonstrate the feasibility of achieving near-zero energy consumption. Recommendations were developed for improving the regulatory framework and scaling passive house technologies in the republic.